The number of times an article has been cited by other works. Note that this figure is limited to the journals or proceedings indexed by a particular source.
The context of the citation (supportive, opposing, background, ect) is generally not given, but some sources such as Web of Science does offer enhanced citation categorization, for instance, to identify background or supportive citations.
Simple count of how many other articles have cited that particular article.
Category Normalized Citation Impact (CNCI) is a metric provided by Clarivate, accessible in Web of Science and InCites. CNCI compares the impact of a publication with similar publications, identified by subject area and time.
A CNCI value of 1 represents performance at par with world average. A value below 1 would represent below the expected average, and above 1 represents performance above the expected average.
The Category Normalized Citation Impact (CNCI) of a document is calculated by dividing the actual count of citing items by the expected citation rate for documents with the same document type, year of publication and subject area. When a document is assigned to more than one subject area an average of the ratios of the actual to expected citations is used. The CNCI of a set of documents, for example the collected works of an individual, institution or country/region, is the average of the CNCI values for all the documents in the set. For a single paper that is only assigned to one subject area, this can be represented as:
Read more in the documentation.
Field Weighted Citation Impact (FWCI) is a metric provided by Elsevier, based on publications indexed in Scopus.
The FWCI compares the impact of a publication with similar publications, identified by subject area and time. The FWCI is analogous to the Category Normalized Citation Impact - the only difference is that CNCI is based on journals indexed by Clarivate products, and the FWCI is based on journals indexed in Elsevier products.
A Field-Weighted Citation Impact value of 1 represents performance at par with world average. A value below 1 would represent below the expected average, and above 1 represents performance above the expected average.
"Field-Weighted Citation Impact is the ratio of the total citations actually received by the denominator’s output, and the total citations that would be expected based on the average of the subject field.
Read more in the documentation.
Relative Citation Ratio (RCR) is a normalized metric that measures the total number of citations from a publication against the expected number of citations. The RCR differs from other normalized citation metrics like CNCI and FWCI because it is normalized to the citation network of a paper instead of using a more general field or journal as a subject. It is also different from the CNCI and FWCI because iCite is based on PubMed data.
"Article citation rates are divided by an expected citation rate that is derived from performance of articles in the same field and benchmarked to a peer comparison group. The resulting Relative Citation Ratio is article level and field independent and provides an alternative to the invalid practice of using journal impact factors to identify influential papers."
See the full paper which describes the development of the RCR: Hutchins BI, Yuan X, Anderson JM, Santangelo GM. Relative Citation Ratio (RCR): A New Metric That Uses Citation Rates to Measure Influence at the Article Level. PLoS Biol. 2016 Sep 6;14(9):e1002541. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002541. PMID: 27599104; PMCID: PMC5012559.
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