A systematic review attempts to collate all empirical evidence that fits pre-specified eligibility criteria in order to answer a specific research question. The key characteristics of a systematic review are: a clearly defined question with inclusion & exclusion criteria; rigorous & systematic search of the literature; critical appraisal of included studies; data extraction and management; analysis & interpretation of results; and report for publication.
Summary of Types of LIterature Reviews
Evidence maps and systematic maps
Systematically and transparently collects and categorizes existing evidence on a broad question of policy or management importance.
May critically evaluate existing evidence, but does not attempt to synthesize the results in the way a systematic review would. (see EE Journal and CIFOR)
Literature (Narrative) Review
A broad term referring to reviews with a wide scope and non-standardized methodology.
Search strategies, comprehensiveness, and time range covered will vary and do not follow an established protocol.
Meta-analysis
Statistical technique for combining the findings from disparate quantitative studies.
Uses statistical methods to objectively evaluate, synthesize, and summarize results.
May be conducted independently or as part of a systematic review.
Rapid Review
Applies Systematic Review methodology within a time-constrained setting.
Useful for addressing issues needing quick decisions.
See Evidence Summaries: The Evolution of a Rapid Review Approach
Scoping Review
Addresses a broader research question or set of questions
Often conducted in preparation for conducting a systematic review
Seeks to identify research gaps and opportunities for evidence synthesis
See Peterson et. al. (2016) for methodological guidance.
Umbrella Review
Reviews other systematic reviews on a topic.
Often defines a broader question than is typical of a traditional systematic review.
This type of review is most useful when there are competing interventions to consider.
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