Citation

The Brown Library can support your course by leading a workshop on citation management software or citation styles. Request a workshop for your course.

A citation is: "A reference providing information about where a particular quotation, text, etc., is to be found; a bibliographical reference."

- Oxford English Dictionary Online, version March 2015

There are many different citation styles which reflect different interests and preferences of disciplines and often publications. If you are unsure which citation style to use, it is best to ask the person you are writing for, such as a professor or journal editor.

Email us at Citation-Help-Group@brown.edu with citation questions or for help with EndNote, EndNote Online, or Zotero software.

1. Inform a reader that material in your work, such as a quote, image, or idea, came from another source.
2. Acknowledge the work of others and provide pathways to their work.
3. Provide context to your argument in a larger scholarly discussion.
4. Establish your credibility as a serious scholar by providing evidence that you have thoroughly considered the topic.
5. Failure to cite, or citing improperly, is considered plagiarism.

You need to cite your sources whenever you:

• Quote a sentence or passage
• Paraphrase or summarize ideas that are not your own
• Make specific reference to the work of others
• Utilize data or statistics

Cite the source that you used.

In other words, cite only what you have seen.  To cite a work that you have not seen or used is dishonest and can perpetuate inaccuracies.

Ideally, you should try to view original sources because other authors may have misrepresented quotes, statistics, ideas or meaning from an original source.

Example: A 2008 article examined the accuracy of citations to a commonly referenced hand surgery study.  Of 154 articles that referenced the original study, 63 (41%) had at least one inaccurate reference to this study.  The authors concluded: "Care must be taken in referencing biomedical literature, particularly articles that have a potentially profound impact on clinical patient management."

Source: Porrino, J. A., Tan, V., & Daluiski, A. (2008). Misquotation of a commonly referenced hand surgery study. The Journal of Hand Surgery, 33(1), 2–7.

You need to provide enough information for your reader to easily find your sources.  The information that you include in a citation depends somewhat on the type of source, e.g. book, book chapter, journal article, or website.

All citations include:

• Author(s) and/or editor(s)
• Title of the chapter or article
• Title of the book or journal
• Year of publication

In addition to the information above, citations for BOOKS or BOOK CHAPTERS include:

• Place of publication
• Publisher
• Pages of chapter (if applicable)

In addition to the information above, citations for JOURNAL ARTICLES include:

• Volume
• Issue
• Pages of article

Brown supports a number of citation tools: EndNote, EndNote Online, or Zotero. These resources allow you to automatically store and create citations. ​Both Zotero and EndNote have their own benefits. To help you decide which one works best for you, look at the MIT Citation Managers comparison guide.